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Chad

The Republic of Chad is situated in the Central Africa, bordering Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Lake Chad is the second largest lake in Africa. Chad is 21st largest country of the world. It is one of the poorest and most corrupt nations of the world. For its desert climate it is sometimes called the ‘Dead Heart of Africa’. N'Djamena (12 06 N, 15 02 E) is the capital.

HISTORY:- Sao was the earliest civilization in Chad. In 1085, Islam was introduced. The Kanem-Bornu, Baguirmi, and Ouaddaï empires were emerged as three rival kingdoms in the 16th century. Sudanese king Rabih al-Zubayr overpowered these trio empires into his control. He was overthrown by the French in 1900. It was incorporated in the French Equatorial Africa. After World War II, France gave Chad the status of an overseas territory and the rights to chose the representatives to the French National Assembly and a Chadian assembly. In 1960, Chad was granted independence with François Tombalbaye as the first President. François Tombalbaye introduced autocratic rule which resulted into the outbreak of a civil war by the Muslim in 1965. In 1975, Tombalbaye was removed. Gen. Félix Malloum became President and faced Libya-presided civil war. Hissène Habré became president in 1987 and Chad got rid of Libya. Habré was overthrown by his general Idriss Déby. Déby brought back multiparty politics to the country.

GEOGRAPHY:- Chad is located at 15 00 N, 19 00 E in the Central Africa. The landlocked country spans across 1,259,200 sq km land area and 24,800 sq km water area on the surface of the earth. The lowest point is Djourab Depression (160 m) and the highest point is Emi Koussi (3,415 m). The country has broad, arid Sahelian belt in the center, desert in the north, mountains in the northwest, and Sudanese savannas in the south. The country is situated off a fairly large distance to the nearest sea.

CLIMATE:- The climate varies from tropical in the south to desert in the north.

GOVERNMENT:- Chad is a republican country. The constitution was passed by a referendum on 31st March 1996 and President Idriss Déby made 2005 June referendum removed the constitutional term limits. The legal system is based on the French civil law system and Chadian customary law. The three branches of the government are:

Executive branch comprises the President (chief of state), the Prime minister (head of government), and cabinet. The members of the Council of State (Cabinet) are recommended by the Prime minister and appointed by the President.

Legislative branch comprises the unicameral National Assembly (155 seats).

Judicial branch comprises the Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Magistrate Courts.

60 prominent political parties include Patriotic Salvation Movement, Federation Action for the Republic, Party for Liberty and Development, Rally for Development and Progress, Union for Democracy and the Republic. Among these, Patriotic Salvation Movement is predominant. Suffrage is universal at 18.

President Idriss Deby

Prime Minister Nouradine Delwa Kassire Koumakoye

ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS:- Chad is divided into 18 regions:

CULTURE:- Chad has a rich cultural heritage. Kinde, kakaki, hu hu , balafones, kodjo drums, and Kanembu are the typical Chadian musical instruments. Millet is the main food of Chad. Joseph Brahim Seïd, Baba Moustapha, Antoine Bangui and Koulsy Lamko are most renowned writers of the land. Football is the most popular sport while Basketball and freestyle wrestling are also very popular. Chad National Museum and the Chad Cultural Centre are opened by the government to exhibit the cultural traditions of Chad.

ECONOMY:- Chad is ranked 5th poorest country in the world by The United Nations' Human Development Index. 80% of the population lives below poverty line. It is a member of Bank of Central African States and the Customs and Economic Union of Central Africa. The Chadian wretched economic condition is caused by the landlocked position, high energy costs, and political instability. Agriculture is the backbone of its economy.

GDP/PPP (2006 est.): $15.26 billion; per capita $1,500.

Real growth rate: 7%.

Inflation: 4%.

Unemployment: n.a.

Arable land: 3%.

Agriculture: cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca); cattle, sheep, goats, camels.

Labor force: n.a.; agriculture 80%; industry and services 20%

Industries: oil, cotton textiles, meatpacking, beer brewing, sodium carbonate, soap, cigarettes, construction materials.

Natural resources: petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad), gold, limestone, sand and gravel, salt.

Budget:

Revenues: $1.864 billion

Expenditures: $1.749 billion (2007 est.)

Debt - external: $1.6 billion (2005 est.)

Exports: $4.342 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.): cotton, cattle, gum arabic, oil.

Imports: $823.1 million f.o.b. (2006 est.): machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, foodstuffs, textiles.

Major trading partners: U.S., China, Portugal, France, Cameroon, Germany, Belgium (2004).

Monetary unit: CFA Franc

LANGUAGE:- French, Arabic are the official languages. Sara is widely spoken in South Chad. Over 120 regional dialects exist.

CITIES:- Capital N'Djamena is the largest city. Other large cities are Moundou, Abeche, Sarh.

POPULATION:- The estimated population of Chad is 10,238,807 with a growth rate of 2.9%.

Density per sq mi: 21

Literacy rate: 48% (2003 est.)

RACE:-

Sara 27.7%

Arab 12.3%

Mayo-Kebbi 11.5%

Kanem-Bornou 9%

Ouaddai 8.7%

Hadjarai 6.7%

Tandjile 6.5%

Gorane 6.3%

Fitri-Batha 4.7%

Other 6.4%

Unknown 0.3% (1993 census)

RELIGION:-

Islam 51%

Christian 35%

Animist 7%

Other 7%

HEALTH:-

Birth rate: 41.61 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Death rate: 16.39 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)

Infant mortality rate: total: 100.36 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth: total population: 47.43 years

Total fertility rate: 5.43 children born/woman (2008 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths: 18,000 (2003 est.)

Total expenditure on health per capita (Intl $, 2005): 41

UNICEF:- UNICEF in health sector broadens hands in several ways. UNICEF opened 3 offices nearby the refugee camps and distributed 45,000 insecticide-treated mosquito nets, and water chlorination supplies, family water kits, and soap to over 100,000 refugees in the camp. After detecting a polio case in eastern Chad, it immunized 94% under one babies. UNICEF provides 9,500 malnourished children with therapeutic feeding. In education, UNICEF has financed 250 semi-permanent classrooms, allowed 600 school-in-a-box kits to 45,000 Sudanese refugee children and provided high-energy biscuits, water kits, blankets, and bed nets, 10 school tents, vitamin A supplements, and 1,000 doses of measles vaccine. 30 child-friendly grounds have been allotted for the children of the refugee camp.

TRANSPORTATION:-

Railways: 0 km.

Highways: total: 33,400 km (1999 est.).

Waterways: Chari and Legone rivers are navigable only in wet season (2002).

Ports and harbors: none.

Airports: 52 (2006 est.).

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